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This chapter deals with the peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of phenol and its derivatives. Such a polymerization needs an oxidation reagent, normally hydrogen peroxide. Since this type of polymerization is believed to be a potential environmentally friendly alternative process for the production of phenol--formaldehyde resins, it has been investigated thoroughly by many research groups. Typical...
Enzymatic synthesis and properties of polymers from polyphenols are reviewed. Catechol derivatives were subjected to oxidative polymerization and curing. High-performance coatings were prepared from urushiol and its analogues using laccase as a catalyst. Flavonoids were oxidatively polymerized by polyphenol oxidase, laccase, and peroxidase to produce the flavonoid polymers. The conjugation of polyphenols...
Enzyme catalysis in the synthesis of polyaniline is reviewed. Oxidoreductase enzymes and biomimetic catalysts have been used for the polymerization in aqueous, aqueous organic, and interfacial or templating environments to optimize polymer features. The results showed significant structural control in the presence of templates to produce water soluble and processable polymeric materials. Dip-pen nanolithography...
An enzyme can act as a powerful catalyst for the production and chemical recycling of green and sustainable polymers via a ring-opening polymerization. Also, enzymes will provide versatile synthetic tools for regio- and enantioselective polymerizations. In this article, lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization and copolymerization of small-sized four-membered lactones to macrolides and cyclic...
In vitro synthesis of polyesters by polycondensation using isolated enzymes as catalyst via nonbiosynthetic pathways is reviewed. In most cases, lipase was used as catalyst and the polyesters were obtained from oxyacids, their esters, and dicarboxylic acid derivatives/glycols. Enzymatic polymerization proceeded under mild reaction conditions in comparison with chemical processes. By utilizing characteristic...
Polysaccharides are formed by repeated glycosylations between a sugar donor and a sugar acceptor. This chapter reviews the in vitro synthesis of polysaccharides by “enzymatic polymerization.” As catalyst, a hydrolase enzyme is used where the monomer was designed based on the concept of a “transition-state analog substrate” (TSAS), sugar fluoride monomers for the polycondensation, and sugar oxazoline...
The in vitro enzyme-mediated polymerization of vinyl monomers is reviewed with a scope covering enzymatic polymerization of vitamin C functionalized vinyl monomers, styrene, derivatives of styrene, acrylates, and acrylamide in water and water-miscible cosolvents. Vitamin C functionalized polymers were synthesized via a two-step biocatalytic approach where vitamin C was first regioselectively coupled...
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